Reviewed studies
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List of references used to establish the new FITTER recommendations:
Click here to show the Reviewed Studies
- Adams D, Elliott TSJ. A comparative user evaluation of three needle protective devices. Br J Nurs. 2003;12(8):470–474.
- Adams D, Elliott TSJ. Impact of safety needle devices on occupationally acquired needle stick injuries: a four-year prospective study. J Hosp Infect. 2006;64(1):50-55.
- Adams D. Safety-engineered needle devices: evaluation prior to introduction is essential. J Hosp Med. 2011;79(2):174-175.
- Ahern J, Mazur ML. Site rotation. Diabetes Forecast. 2001;54(4):66-68.
- Alexander H and Dugale A. Fascial planes with subcutaneous fat in humans. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1992;46(12): 903–906.
- American Association of Diabetes Educators. Insulin Pump Therapy: Best practices in choosing and using infusion devices. 2011.
- Ampudia-Blasco J, Girbes J, Carmena R. A case of lipoatrophy with insulin glargine. Diabetes Care. 2005;28(12):2983-2983.
- Anderson G, Meyer D, Herrman CE et al. Tolerability and safety of novel half milliliter formulation of glatiramer acetate for subcutaneous injection: an open-label, multicenter, randomized comparative study. J Neurol. 2010; 257(11):1917–1923.
- Annersten M, Frid A. Insulin pens dribble from the tip of the needle after injection. Pract Diab Int. 2000;17(4):109-111.
- Annersten M, Willman A. Performing subcutaneous injections: a literature review. Worldv Evid-Based Nu. 2005;2(3):122-130.
- Arendt-Nielsen L, Egekvist H, Bjerring P. Pain following controlled cutaneous insertion of needles with different diameters. Somatosens Mot Res. 2006;23(1-2):37-43.
- Ariza-Andraca CR, Altamirano-Bustamante E, Frati-Munari AC, Altamirano-Bustamante P, Graef-Sanchez A. Delayed insulin absorption due to subcutaneous edema. Arch Invest Med. 1991;22(2):229-233.
- Aronson R, Gibney MA, Oza K, Bérubé J, Kassler-Taub K, Hirsch L. Insulin pen needles: effects of extra-thin wall needle technology on preference, confidence, and other patient ratings. Clin Ther. 2013 Jul;35(7):923-933.
- Aronson R. The role of comfort and discomfort in insulin therapy. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2012 Aug;14(8):741-7.
- Arranz A, Andia V, López-Guzmán A. A case of lipoatrophy with Lispro insulin without insulin pump therapy. Diabetes Care. 2004 Feb;27(2):625-6.
- Article 3.2 says that where risk cannot be eliminated the employer shall take appropriate measures to minimise the risks. Appropriate measures to minimise the risks would include the provision by employers of safer needle devices. (Cf. NHS Employers, Implementation advice on sharps agreement, 12th October 2010)
- Asakura T, Seino H, Kageyama M, Yohkoh N. Technical study of injection force of insulin injectors: at which angle to push the button. (in Japanese only) Progress in Medicine. 2009;29:1851-1856.
- Asakura T. A step to prevent blood in the cartridge of an insulin pen. (in Japanese only) Progress in Medicine. 2003;23(11):3066-3071.
- Asakura T. Comparison of clinically relevant technical attributes of five insulin injection pens. J Diab Sci Tech. 2011; 5(5):1203-1209.
- Association for Diabetescare Professionals (EADV). Guideline: The Administration of Insulin with the Insulin Pen. September 2008.
- Babiker A, Datta V. Lipoatrophy with insulin analogues in type I diabetes. Arch Dis Child. 2011 Jan;96(1):101-2.
- Bain A, Graham A. How do patients dispose of syringes? Pract Diab Int. 1998;15(1):19-21.
- Bantle JP, Neal L, Frankamp LM. Effects of the anatomical region used for insulin injections on glycaemia in type 1 diabetes subjects. Diabetes Care. 1993;16(12):1592-1597.
- Bantle JP, Weber MS, Rao SM, Chattopadhyay MK, Robertson RP. Rotation of the anatomic regions used for insulin injections and day-to-day variability of plasma glucose in type 1 diabetic subjects. JAMA. 1990;263(13):1802-1806.
- Baron AD, Kim D, Weyer C. Novel peptides under development for the treatment of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Curr Drug Targets. 2002;2(1):63-82.
- Bärtsch U, Comtesse C, Wetekam B. Insulin pens for treatment of diabetes (article in German). Ther Umsch. 2006;63(6):398-404.
- Becker D. Individualized insulin therapy in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Acta Paediatr. 1998;87(Suppl 425):S20-S24.
- Belgium: Belgian Guidelines in Flemish: Nieuwe aanbevelingen voor injecties bij mensen met diabetes. Available from www.bddiabetes.be. Accessed 09 June 2016.
- Belgium: Belgian Guidelines in French: Nouvelles recommandations concernant les injections chez les personnes atteintes de diabète. Available from www.bddiabetes.be. Accessed 09 June 2016.
- Bergenstal RM, Strock ES, Peremislov D, et al. Safety and efficacy of insulin therapy delivered via a 4mm pen needle in obese patients with diabetes. Mayo Clin Proc. 2015;90(3):329-338.
- Bienvenu OJ, Eaton WW. The epidemiology of blood-injection- injury phobia. Psychol Med. 1998;28(5):1129-36.
- Birkebaek NH, Solvig J, Hansen B, Jorgensen C, Smedegaard J, Christiansen JS. A 4-mm needle reduces the risk of intramuscular injections without increasing backflow to skin surface in lean diabetic children and adults. Diabetes Care. 2008 Sep;31(9):e65.
- Blanco M, Hernández MT, Strauss KW, Amaya M. Prevalence and risk factors of lipohypertrophy in insulin-injecting patients with diabetes. Diabetes Metab. 2013 Oct;39(5):445-53.
- Bohannon NJ. Insulin delivery using pen devices. Simple-to-use tools may help young and old alike. Postgrad Med. 1999;106(5):57-58.
- Bolick N. Performance qualification of a novel subcutaneous insulin infusion set using medical imaging. Diabetes. 2015;64(Suppl 1):A278. Presented 2015 at the American Diabetes Association annual meeting, Boston, USA.
- Bossi AC, Ansah EO. Bent needles: another problem in glycaemic control. Diabetes Care. 2008 Oct;31(10):e70. doi: 10.2337/dc08-0932
- Bossi AC, Veronesi G, Poerio CS, et.al. A prospective study for introducing insulin pens and safety needles in a hospital setting. The SANITHY (SAfety Needles and Insulin pens in Treviglio Hospital-ItalY) Study. CurDiab Reviews. 2016;12:1-8.
- Brady KA, Avner JR, Khine H. Perception and attitude of providers towards pain and anxiety associated with pediatric vaccine injection. Clinical Pediatrics. 2011;50(2):140-143.
- Breznik V, Kokol R, Luzar B, Miljković J. Insulin-induced localized lipoatrophy. Acta Dermatovenerol Alp Pannonica Adriat. 2013 Dec;22(4):83-5.
- Broadway CA. Prevention of insulin leakage after subcutaneous injection. Diabetes Educator. 1991;17(2):90-90.
- Brown A, Steel JM, Duncan C, Duncun A, McBain AM. An assessment of the adequacy of suspension of insulin in pen injectors. Diab Med. 2004;21(6):604-608.
- Burdick P, Cooper S, Horner B, Cobry E, McFann K, Chase HP. Use of a subcutaneous injection port to improve glycemic control in children with type 1 diabetes. Pediatr Diab. 2009;10(2):116-119.
- Byetta Pen User Manual. Eli Lilly and Company, 2007.
- Caffrey RM. Diabetes under control: Are all syringes created equal? Am J Nursing. 2003;103(6):46-49.
- Calara F, Taylor K, Han J, et al. A randomized, open-label, crossover study examining the effect of injection site on bioavailability of exenatide (synthetic exendin-4). Clin Ther. 2005;27(2):210-215.
- Catambing I, Villa M. Ultrasonographic Measurement of Skin and Subcutaneous Thickness at Insulin Injection Sites among Adult Filipinos with Diabetes. Journal of the ASEAN Federation of Endocrine Societies. 2014;29(1):24-32.
- Cefalu WT, Mathieu C, Davidson J, Freemantle N, Gough S, Canovatchel W. Patients' perceptions of subcutaneous insulin in the OPTIMIZE study: a multicenter follow-up study. Diab Tech Ther. 2008;10(1):25-38.
- Chantelau E, Lee DM, Hemmann DM, Zipfel U, Echterhoff S. What makes insulin injections painful? Brit Med J. 1991;303(6793):26-27.
- Chantelau E. Heinemann L, Ross D. Air Bubbles in insulin pens. Lancet. 1989;334(8659):387-388.
- China: Chinese Guidelines were published in 2011 in collaboration with the China Diabetes Society and are available at: http://www.diab.net.cn/guideline.jsp. Accessed 09 June 2016.
- Chowdhury TA, Escudier V. Poor glycaemic control caused by insulin induced lipohypertrophy. Brit Med J 2003;327(7411):383-384.
- Chowdhury TA, Escudier V. Poor glycaemic control caused by insulin induced lipohypertrophy. Brit Med J. 2003;327(7411):383-384.
- Cocoman A, Barron C. Administering subcutaneous injections to children: what does the evidence say? Journal Child Young People Nurs. 2008;2(2):84-89.
- Conwell LS, Pope E, Artiles AM, Mohanta A, Daneman A, Daneman D. Dermatological complications of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion in children and adolescents. J Pediatr. 2008;152(5):622-628.
- Conwell LS, Pope E, Artiles AM, Mohanta A, Daneman A, Daneman D. Dermatological complications of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion in children and adolescents. J Pediatrics. 2008;152(5): 622-628.
- Costigliola V, Frid A, Letondeur C, Strauss K. Needlestick injuries in European nurses in diabetes. Diabetes Metab. 2012;38 Suppl 1:S9-14.
- Council Directive 2010/32/EU, Official Journal of the European Union, L134/71 http://eurlex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2010:134:0066:0072:EN:PDF. Accessed 09 June 2016.
- Cullen BL, Genasi F, Symington I, Bagg J, McCreaddie M, Taylor A, Henry M, Hutchinson SJ, Goldberg D. Potential for reported needle stick injury prevention among healthcare workers in NHS Scotland through safety device usage and improvement of guideline adherence: an expert panel assessment. J Hosp Infect. 2006;63(4): 445-451.
- Danish Nurses Organization. Evidence-based Clinical Guidelines for Injection of Insulin for Adults with Diabetes Mellitus. 2nd edition, December 2006.
- Davidson M. No need for the needle (at first). Diabetes Care. 2008;31(10):2070-2071.
- Davis ED, Chesnaky P. Site rotation..taking insulin. Diabetes Forecast. 1992;45(3):54-56.
- Davis SN, Renda SM. Psychological insulin resistance: overcoming barriers to starting insulin therapy. Diabetes Educator. 2006;32(Supp. 1):146S-152S.
- De Coninck C, Frid A, Gaspar R, et al. Results and analysis of the 2008-2009 Insulin Injection Technique Questionnaire survey. J Diabetes. 2010;2(3):168-79.
- de la Peña A, Ma X, Reddy S, Ovalle F, Bergenstal RM, Jackson JA. Application of PK/PD modeling and simulation to dosing regimen optimization of high-dose human regular U-500 insulin. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2014, 8(4):821-9.
- de la Peña A, Yeo KP, Linnebjerg H, et al. Subcutaneous injection depth does not affect the pharmacokinetics or glucodynamics of insulin lispro in normal weight or healthy obese subjects. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2015;9(4):824-30.
- De Meijer PHEM, Lutterman JA, van Lier HJJ, van´t Laar A. The variability of the absorption of subcutaneously injected insulin; effect of injection technique and relation with brittleness. Diabetic Med. 1990;7(6):499-505.
- De Schryver A, Claesen B, Meheus A, van Sprundel M, François G. European survey of hepatitis B vaccination policies for healthcare workers. Eur J Public Health. 2011;21(3):338-43. Epublished at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=European%20survey%20of%20hepatitis%20B%20vaccination%20policies%20for%20healthcare%20workers. Accessed 09 June 2016.
- De Villiers FP. Lipohypertrophy - a complication of insulin injections. S Afr Med J. 2005;95(11):858-859.
- Definitions from Medline Plus, an online service of the US National Institutes of Health (NIH)
- Dejgaard A, Murmann C. Air bubbles in insulin pens. Lancet. 1989;334(8667):871.
- Del Olmo MI, Campos V, Abellán P, Merino-Torres JF, Piñón F. A case of lipoatrophy with insulin detemir. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2008 Apr;80(1):e20-1.
- Demir M, Serin E, Göktürk S, Ozturk NA, Kulaksizoglu S, Ylmaz U. The prevalence of occult hepatitis B virus infection in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008 Jul;20(7):668- 73.
- Diamond S, Matok I. Pharmacists’ anticipated pain compared to experienced pain associated with insulin pen injection and fingertip. Can J Diab. 2011;35(3):282-286.
- DiMatteo RM, DiNicola DD, eds. Achieving patient compliance. The psychology of medical practitioner´s role. Oxford: Pergamon Press Inc. 1982, 233-256.
- Egekvist H, Bjerring P, Arendt-Nielson L. Pain and mechanical injury to human skin following needle insertions. Euro J Pain. 1999;3(1):41-49.
- Engström L, Jinnerot H, Jonasson E. Thickness of Subcutaneous Fat Tissue Where Pregnant Diabetics Inject Their Insulin - An Ultrasound Study. Poster at International Diabetes Federation, Mexico City, 2000.
- EU Commission for Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion, New legislation to reduce injuries for 3.5 million healthcare workers in Europe, 8th March 2010.
- Famulla S, Hövelmann U, Fischer A, et al. Lipohypertrophy (LHT) leads to blunted, more variable insulin absorption and action in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1DM). Poster, American Diabetes Association annual meeting. Boston, 2015. Diabetes 2015;64(Suppl 1):A260-61.
- Famulla S, Hövelmann U, Fischer A, et al. Lipohypertrophy (LHT) leads to blunted, more variable insulin absorption and action in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1DM). Abstract at 2015 American Diabetes Association annual meeting in Boston, USA.
- Fernqvist-Forbes E, Linde B. Insulin absorption, glucose homeostasis, and lipolysis in IDDM during mental stress. Diabetes Care. 1991 Nov;14(11):1006-12.
- FIT web site containing most items produced by FIT: http://www.fit4diabetes.com/. Accessed 09 June 2016.
- Fitter4Diabetes website. http://www.fitter4diabetes.com. Accessed June 7, 2016.
- Fleming D, Jacober SJ, Vanderberg M, Fitzgerald JT, Grunberger G. The safety of injecting insulin through clothing. Diabetes Care. 1997;20(3):244-247.
- Franzen I, J. Ludvigsson. Specific instructions gave reduction of lipomas and improved metabolic control in diabetic children. Diabetologia. 1997;40, Supplement 1: A615 (1997).
- Frid A, Gunnarson R, Guntner P, Linde P. Effects of accidental intramuscular injection on insulin absorption in IDDM. Diabetes Care. 1988;11(1):41-45.
- Frid A, Hirsch L, Gaspar R, et al. New injection recommendations for patients with diabetes. Diabetes Metab. 2010;36(2):S3-S18.
- Frid A, Linde B. Intraregional differences in absorption of unmodified insulin from the abdominal wall. Diabet Med. 1992;9(3):236-239.
- Frid A, Linden B. Computed tomography of injection sites in patients with diabetes mellitus. Injection and Absorption of Insulin. Stockholm : Thesis, 1992.
- Frid A, Linden B. Clinically important differences in insulin absorption from the abdomen in IDDM. Diabetes Res Clin Pr. 1993;21(2):137-141.
- Frid A, Östman J, Linde B. Hypoglycemia risk during exercise after intramuscular injection of insulin in thigh in IDDM. Diabetes Care. 1990;13(5):473-477.
- Frid A. Fat thickness and insulin administration, what do we know? Infusystems Int. 2006;5(3):17-19.
- Fu A, Qiu Y, Radican L. Impact of fear of insulin or fear of injection on treatment outcomes of patients with diabetes. Cur Med Res Opinion. 2009; 25(6):1413–1420.
- Fujikura J, Fujimoto M, Yasue S, et.al. Insulin-induced lipohypertrophy: report of a case with histopathology. Endocr J. 2005 Oct;52(5):623-8.
- Gasperoni C and Salgarello M. Liposuction related to the anatomy of subcutaneous fat and superficial fascial system. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 1995;19(1): 13–20.
- Genev NM, Flack JR, Hoskins PL, et al. Diabetes education; whose priorities are met? Diab Med. 1992;9(5):475-479.
- Gentile S, Agrusta M, Guarino G, et al. Metabolic consequences of incorrect insulin administration techniques in aging subjects with diabetes. Acta Diabetol. 2011;48(2):121-125. doi:10.1007/s00592-009-0172-x.
- Gibney M, Arce C, Byron K, Hirsch L. Skin and subcutaneous adipose layer thickness in adults with diabetes at sites used for insulin injections: implications for needle length recommendations. Curr Med Res Opin. 2010;26(6):1519-1530.
- Ginsberg BH. Parkes JL, Sparacino C. The kinetics of insulin administration by insulin pens. Horm Metab Research. 1994;26(12):584-587.
- Goebel-Fabbri AE, Fikkan J, Franko DL, et al. Insulin restriction and associated morbidity and mortality in women with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2008;31(3):415-9.
- Goodpaster BH, Kelley DE, WingJohnson D, Cormack G, Abrahams P, and Dixon A. Computed tomographic observations on subcutaneous fat: implications for liposuction. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1996;97: 387–395.
- Gorman KC. Good hygiene versus alcohol swabs before insulin injections (Letter). Diabetes Care. 1993;16(6):960-961.
- Grassi G, Scuntero P, Trepiccioni R, et al. Optimizing insulin injection technique and its effect on blood glucose control. J Clin Translat Endo. 2014;1: 145-150. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/). Accessed 09 June 2016.
- Guerci B, Sauvanet JP. Subcutaneous insulin: pharmacokinetic variability and glycemic variability. Diabetes Metab. 2005;31(4):4S7-4S24.
- Guyatt G, Gutterman D, Baumann MH, et al. Grading strength of recommendations and quality of evidence in clinical guidelines: report from an American College of Chest Physicians task force. Chest. 2006;129(1):174-81.
- Hambridge K. The management of lipohypertrophy in diabetes care. Br J Nurs. 2007;16(9):520-524.
- Hanas R, Adolfsson P, Elfvin-Akesson K, et al. Indwelling catheters used from the onset of diabetes decrease injection pain and pre-injection anxiety. J Pediatr. 2002;140(3):315-20.
- Hanas R, Ludvigsson J. Experience of pain from insulin injections and needle phobia in young patients with IDDM. Pract Diab Int. 1997;14(4):95-99.
- Hanas SR, Carlsson S, Frid A, Ludvigsson J. Unchanged insulin absorption after 4 days´use of subcutaneous indwelling catheters for insulin injections. Diabetes Care. 1997;20(4):487-490.
- Hauner H, Stockamp B, Haastert B. Prevalence of lipohypertrophy in insulin-treated diabetic patients and predisposing factors. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 1996;104(1):106-110.
- Heinemann L, Hirsch L, Hovorka R. Lipohypertrophy and the artificial pancreas: is this an issue? J Diabetes Sci Technol, 2014 Sep;8(5):915-7. Published online 16 June 2014 at http://dst.sagepub.com/content/early/2014/06/16/1932296814538941 Accessed 09 June 2016.
- Heinemann L, Hompesch M, Kapitza C, Harvey NG, Ginsberg BH, Pettis RJ. Intra-dermal insulin lispro application with a new microneedle delivery system led to a substantially more rapid insulin absorption than subcutaneous injection. Diabetologia. 2006;49:755, abstract 1014.
- Heinemann L, Krinelke L. Insulin infusion set: the Achilles heel of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2012;6(4):954-64.
- Heise T, Nosek L, Dellweg S, et.al. Impact of injection speed and volume on perceived pain during subcutaneous injections into the abdomen and thigh: a single-centre, randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2014 Oct;16(10):971-6.
- Henriksen JE, Djurhuus MS, Vaag A, et al. Impact of injection sites for soluble insulin on glycaemic control in type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic patients treated with a multiple insulin injection regimen. Diabetologia. 1993;36(8):752-758.
- Henriksen JE, Vaag A, Hansen IR, Lauritzen M, Djurhuus MS, Beck-Nielsen H. Absorption of NPH (isophane) insulin in resting diabetic patients; evidence for subcutaneous injection in the thigh as preferred site. Diabetic Medicine. 1991;8(5):453-457.
- Herdman M, Larck C, Hoppe Schliesser S, Jelic T. Biological contamination of insulin pens in a hospital setting. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2013;70(14):1244-1248.
- Herdman ML, Larck C, Schliesser SH, Jelic TM. Biological contamination of insulin pens in a hospital setting.Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2013;70(14):1244-1248.
- Hildebrandt P. Skinfold thickness, local subcutaneous blood flow and insulin absorption in diabetic patients. Acta Physiol Scand. 1991;603:41-45.
- Hildebrandt P. Subcutaneous absorption of insulin in insulin-dependent diabetic patients. Influences of species, physico-chemical properties of insulin and physiological factors. Dan Med Bull. 1991;38(4):337-346.
- Hirose T, Ogihara T, Tozaka S, Kanderian S, Watada H. Identification and comparison of insulin pharmacokinetics injected with a new 4-mm needle vs 6- and 8-mm needles accounting for endogenous insulin and C-peptide secretion kinetics in non-diabetic adult males. J Diab Invest. 2013 May 6;4(3):287-96.
- Hirsch L, Byron K, Gibney M. Intramuscular risk at insulin injection sites-measurement of the distance from skin to muscle and rationale for shorter-length needles for subcutaneous insulin therapy. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2014;16(12):867-873.
- Hirsch L, Gibney M, Berube J, Manocchio J. The impact of a modified needle tip geometry on penetration force well as acceptability, preference and perceived pain in subjects with diabetes. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2012, 1;6(2):328-35.
- Hirsch L, Ji L, Sun Z, Li Q, et al. Lipohypertrophy – Prevalence, risk factors and clinical characteristics of insulin-requiring patients in China. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2015;17(Suppl 1):A57-A58
- Hirsch L, Klaff L, Bailey T, et al. Comparative glycemic control, safety and patient ratings for a new 4 mm × 32G insulin pen needle in adults with diabetes. Curr Med Res Opin. 2010;26(6):1531-1541.
- Hirsch L, Klaff L, Bailey T, Gibney M, Albanese J, Qu S, Kassler-Taub K. Comparative glycemic control, safety and patient ratings for a new 4 mm\32G insulin pen needle in adults with diabetes Curr Med ResOpin 2010;26(6):1531–1541.
- Hirsch L. Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) sets: reduced flow interruptions with a novel catheter set. Diabetes. 2015;64(Suppl 1):A274-A275. Presented ADA 2015.
- Hirsch LJ, Gibney MA, Albanese J, et al. Comparative glycemic control, safety and patient ratings for a new 4 mm x 32G insulin pen needle in adults with diabetes. Curr Med Res Opin. 2010 Jun;26(6):1531-41.
- Hirsch LJ, Gibney MA, Li L, Bérubé J. Glycemic control, reported pain and leakage with a 4 mm × 32 G pen needle in obese and non-obese adults with diabetes: a post hoc analysis. Curr Med Res Opin. 2012 Aug;28(8):1305-11.
- Hirsch, Irl – personal communication, October 24, 2016.
- Hofman PL, Derraik JG, Pinto TE, et al. Defining the ideal injection techniques when using 5-mm needles in children and adults. Diabetes Care. 2010 Sep;33(9):1940-4.
- Hofman PL, Lawton SA, Peart JM, et al. An angled insertion technique using 6mm needles markedly reduces the risk of IM injections in children and adolescents. Diabet Med. 2007;24(12):1400-1405.
- Hofman PL, Lawton SA, Peart JM, et al. An angled insertion technique using 6-mm needles markedly reduces the risk of intramuscular injections in children and adolescents. Diabet Med. 2007 Dec;24(12):1400-5.
- Hofman, Paul. Personal Communication, October 24, 2015.
- Holstein A, Stege H, Kovacs P. Lipoatrophy associated with the use of insulin analogues: a new case associated with the use of insulin glargine and review of the literature. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2010 Mar;9(2):225-31.
- Hovelmann U, Famulla S, Hermanski L, et al. Insulin injection into regions with lipohypertrophy (LHT) worsens postprandial (PP) blood glucose (BG) versus injections into normal adipose tissue (NAT). Abstract at 2015 American Diabetes Association annual meeting in Boston, USA.
- Hovelmann U, Famulla S, Hermanski L, Fischer A, Heinemannn L, Kaltheuner M, Hirsch L, Heise T. Insulin injection into regions with lipohypertrophy (LHT) worsens postprandial (PP) blood glucose (BG) versus injections into normal adipose tissue (NAT). Poster, American Diabetes Association annual meeting. Boston, 2015. Diabetes 2015;64(Suppl 1):A254-55.
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- Huzaira M, Rius F, Rajadhyaksha M, Anderson RR, González S. Topographic variations in normal skin, as viewed by in vivo reflectance confocal microscopy. J Invest Dermatol. 2001;116(6):846–852.
- Ignuat D, Fu H. Comparison of insulin diluent leakage postinjection using two different needle lengths and injection volumes in obese patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2012;6(2): 389-393.
- India: Tandon N. l. Forum for Injection Technique (FIT), India: The Indian recommendations 2.0, for best practice in Insulin Injection Technique, 2015. Indian J Endocr Metab. 2015;19(3):317-331. This is the latest version of guidelines which were first published in India in 2012 and updated in 2013 and 2014.
- Italy: Italian Guidelines edited by Prof. Sandro Gentile: Consensus AMD-OSDI sulle Tecniche iniettive nel soggetto diabetic. A cura del Gruppo Inter-Societario AMD-OSDI sulle Tecniche iniettive. Il Giornale di AMD, 2014;17:176-181. http://www.giornalediamd.it/pdf/2014_3_F/8.pdf. Accessed 09 June 2016. Guidelines for correct injection technique and for prevention of lipodystrophy and the risk of accidental punctures. AMD-OSDI-SID Worksheet. Gentile S, Giancaterini A, Cucco L, Lograsso G, Porcellati F, Laviola L. Il Giornale di AMD, 2015; 18: 209-2017. http://www.aemmedi.it/files/Linee-guida_Raccomandazioni/2015/Documento_di_consenso_2015.pdf. Accessed 09 June 2016.
- Iwanaga M, Kamoi K. Patient perceptions of injection pain and anxiety: a comparison of NovoFine 32-gauge tip 6 mm and Micro Fine Plus 31-gauge 5 mm needles. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2009 Feb;11(2):81-6.
- Iwanaga M, Kamoi K. Patient perceptions of injection pain and anxiety: a comparison of NovoFine 32-gauge tip 6 mm and Micro Fine Plus 31-gauge 5 mm needles. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2009;11(2):81-86.
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- Ji L, Li Q, Wei G. Lipohypertrophy - prevalence, risk factors and clinical characteristics of insulin-requiring patients in China. Abstract, EASD Vienna 2014, Tracking Number: A-14-747.
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